Thermodynamics.

 THERMODYNAMICS CHEAT SHEET:

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another. The first law is also known as the law of conservation of energy.

Second Law of Thermodynamics: The total entropy of a closed system can only increase or remain constant, never decrease. This means that in any process, some energy is always lost to heat, and the system becomes less ordered.

Third Law of Thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a minimum value.

Heat Capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is called its heat capacity.

Enthalpy: The total heat content of a system at constant pressure is called its enthalpy.

Internal Energy: The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles in a system is called its internal energy.

Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. The greater the entropy, the greater the disorder.

Heat: Energy that is transferred from one system to another as a result of a temperature difference.

Work: Energy that is transferred to or from a system as a result of a force acting through a distance.

Carnot Cycle: The most efficient possible heat engine cycle, consisting of four reversible processes: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression.

Thermodynamic Processes: Isothermal (constant temperature), adiabatic (no heat transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), and isochoric (constant volume).