The bridge collapsed on the evening of February 27, 2025 injuring six people. The bridge was built in 2014, with construction lasting more than 10 years. It just opened in 2025.
The Cabagan-Sta. Maria Bridge collapsed on February 27 when a dump truck carrying quarried stones weighing 102 tons, almost double the 45-ton maximum capacity, attempted to cross it. At least six people were injured in the incident.
Engr. Alberto C. Caรฑete, the original designer of the collapsed bridge in Isabela, was my professor in college for Matrix Analysis of Structures, Reinforced Concrete Design 1, Reinforced Concrete Design 2, and Steel Design. During my years at PUP-Sta. Mesa, no other professors in the Civil Engineering department were assigned to teach these courses—only Engr. Caรฑete. Why? Because he was the most qualified and had the authority to teach them.
As a past president of the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), he contributes his knowledge and expertise in the regular updating of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), the very book that every Civil Engineering student in this country is well acquainted with—our "bible." Every time we attended his classes, he didn’t need to open the book because he practically knew everything written in it, even the exact page numbers.
In those four courses he taught, I failed three the first time. During my college years, from 2004 to 2009, PUP’s Civil Engineering department never had a Latin honor graduate because a grade of 3.0 was already considered a consolation—Engr. Caรฑete always set a very high standard. He wasn’t a terror, actually. But what made it even scarier was that having him as a professor was unavoidable.
It is not the original structural designer nor the structural designer responsible for the retrofitting who should be questioned. Instead, the irresponsible company that allowed overloading to cut hauling costs, the rampant corruption in the DPWH and in this country— which is public knowledge— and the construction management team that failed to meet the design specifications so they could pocket millions deserve more scrutiny.
Edit:
I made this post because it seems we are already pointing fingers at the structural designer, even though no forensic structural investigation has started yet. We may be blaming the wrong people after all. And as his former student, even though I received failing grades in his courses back in college, I bear no ill will toward Engr. Caรฑete. He is a well-respected professor and peer in the field of civil engineering, particularly in structural engineering. All structural engineers are civil engineers but not all civil engineers are structural engineers. For us civil engineers, structural engineers of his caliber are like associate justices—if not the chief justice—of our judiciary system. He just doesn’t deserve the pre-investigation negative treatment he is already receiving from those in power, nor the misjudgment from the public. We must protect the good, or we will allow evil to prevail.
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:
๐๐ช ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ. ๐๐ญ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ฐ ๐. ๐๐ขรฑ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ, ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ช๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐ช๐ด๐ฆ๐ฏ๐บ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐จ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐บ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ด๐ข๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ข, ๐ข๐บ ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฌ๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ช๐บ๐ฐ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ณ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ข๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐น ๐๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ๐บ๐ด๐ช๐ด ๐ฐ๐ง ๐๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด, ๐๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ค๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ค๐ณ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ๐ด๐ช๐จ๐ฏ 1, ๐๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ค๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ค๐ณ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ๐ด๐ช๐จ๐ฏ 2, ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ต๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ญ ๐๐ฆ๐ด๐ช๐จ๐ฏ. ๐๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฌ๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐๐-๐๐ต๐ข. ๐๐ฆ๐ด๐ข, ๐ธ๐ข๐ญ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฃ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ข๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ด๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐จ๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ณ๐ด๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ—๐ต๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ช ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ. ๐๐ขรฑ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ. ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ช๐ต? ๐๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ ๐ด๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข-๐ฌ๐ธ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฑ๐ช๐ฌ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐บ ๐ข๐ธ๐ต๐ฐ๐ณ๐ช๐ฅ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ข๐จ๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ.
๐๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ด๐ด๐ฐ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ๐ช๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด (๐๐๐๐), ๐ฑ๐ข๐ต๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ๐บ ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฃ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ช ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐ณ๐ฆ๐จ๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐ณ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ-๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฅ๐ข๐ต๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ๐ช๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด (๐๐๐๐), ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ช๐ฃ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ถ๐ฅ๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ช๐ญ๐ช๐ฑ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ด. ๐๐ต๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ช๐ฃ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฃ๐ข๐จ๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ "๐ฃ๐ช๐ฃ๐ญ๐ช๐บ๐ข." ๐๐ข ๐ต๐ถ๐ธ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ด๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช ๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ด๐ฆ, ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ข๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฃ๐ถ๐ฌ๐ด๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ช๐ฃ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฃ๐ช๐ด๐ข๐ฅ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ, ๐ฑ๐ข๐ต๐ช ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ด๐ข๐ฌ๐ต๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ข๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ช๐ฌ๐ช๐ต๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ฃ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐บ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐จ-๐ถ๐ถ๐ด๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ด๐ฆ.
๐๐ข ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ณ๐ด๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ถ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข, ๐ต๐ข๐ต๐ญ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ฌ๐ฐ ๐ช๐ฑ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ด๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ฐ๐ฏ. ๐๐ข ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ช๐บ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฐ, ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ต๐ข๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ 2004 ๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐จ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ 2009, ๐ธ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐จ๐ณ๐ข๐ฅ๐ถ๐ข๐ต๐ฆ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ข๐ณ๐ต๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐๐ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ณ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ 3.0 ๐ข๐บ ๐ช๐ด๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฐ๐ญ๐ข๐ด๐บ๐ฐ๐ฏ—๐ฑ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ข๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ข๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ช ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ. ๐๐ขรฑ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ. ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ด๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ณ, ๐ด๐ข ๐ต๐ฐ๐ต๐ฐ๐ฐ ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ. ๐๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ด ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ข๐บ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ฎ๐ฐ ๐ด๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ด๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฃ๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ. ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฌ๐ข ๐ต๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ข ๐ฃ๐ข๐จ๐ฐ ๐ฌ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข-๐จ๐ณ๐ข๐ฅ๐ถ๐ข๐ต๐ฆ.
๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ช๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด๐ช๐จ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด๐ช๐จ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ข๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ข ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ต๐ณ๐ฐ๐ง๐ช๐ต๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฐ ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฃ๐ข๐บ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ด๐ข๐ฃ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ต ๐ฌ๐ธ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐บ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฏ. ๐๐ข ๐ฉ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฑ, ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ด ๐ช๐ฎ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐จ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ข๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐บ๐ข๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ณ๐ข-๐ด๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ณ๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ณ๐จ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ฌ ๐ถ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฑ๐ช๐ฅ ๐ด๐ข ๐จ๐ข๐ด๐ต๐ฐ๐ด ๐ด๐ข ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ต, ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฑ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ฑ๐ด๐บ๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ธ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ข๐ฏ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ต ๐ด๐ข ๐ฃ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฃ๐ข๐ฏ๐ด๐ข—๐ฏ๐ข ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฎ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ต—๐ข๐ต ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ต๐ฆ๐ข๐ฎ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ด๐ถ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฅ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฅ๐ช๐ด๐ฆ๐ฏ๐บ๐ฐ ๐ถ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฑ๐ช๐ฅ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ช๐ฃ๐ถ๐ญ๐ด๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฑ๐ช๐ฅ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฃ๐ถ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฆ๐ต.
๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ธ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด๐ต ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ ๐ต๐ช๐ญ๐ข ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ถ๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ช๐ด๐ช ๐ด๐ข ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด๐ช๐จ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ณ, ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ต ๐ธ๐ข๐ญ๐ข ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ด๐ช๐ด๐ช๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ด๐ช๐ค ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ท๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐จ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ. ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ช ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ต๐ข๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ด๐ช๐ด๐ช. ๐๐ต ๐ฃ๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ถ๐ฅ๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐ช ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ. ๐๐ขรฑ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ, ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ต ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐จ๐ข๐ฑ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฃ๐ข๐จ๐ด๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐จ๐ณ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ณ๐ด๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ช๐บ๐ฐ, ๐ธ๐ข๐ญ๐ข ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ข๐ฎ๐ข ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฃ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ข. ๐๐ด๐ข ๐ด๐ช๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ญ๐ถ๐ฃ๐ฐ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ช๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ต ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ต๐ข๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฑ๐ธ๐ข ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐บ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐ญ๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ค๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ, ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ.
๐๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ข๐บ ๐ค๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด, ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ญ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ค๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ข๐บ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด. ๐๐ข๐ณ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ค๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด, ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ข๐บ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฃ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ต๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ข๐บ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ช๐ฉ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ข๐ด๐ด๐ฐ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ต๐ฆ ๐ซ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ค๐ฆ๐ด—๐ฌ๐ถ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ช๐ฆ๐ง ๐ซ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ค๐ฆ—๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฌ๐ข๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข. ๐๐ข ๐ข๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐บ ๐ข๐บ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฆ๐ณ๐ท๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฃ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฃ๐ข๐จ๐ฐ ๐ฑ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฎ๐ข๐จ๐ด๐ช๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฎ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐จ๐ข๐ด๐บ๐ฐ๐ฏ, ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐ด๐ข ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐บ๐ข๐ณ๐ช๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ, ๐ข๐ต ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฆ๐ณ๐ท๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ด๐จ๐ข ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ช๐ฌ๐ฐ. ๐๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ต๐ข๐ฏ๐จ๐จ๐ฐ๐ญ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฃ๐ถ๐ต๐ช, ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช, ๐ฉ๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐บ๐ข๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ช๐จ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ด๐ข๐ฎ๐ข๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฅ๐ช๐ญ๐ช๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ.
(Photo CTTO)
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